The water nobody costed until it ran out
Reverse osmosis against its osmotic ceiling, membrane distillation on the concentrate RO gave up on, electrodeionisation polishing to ultrapure, and cooling-water chemistry that answers scaling and corrosivity as the two different questions they are.
Process modules
RO for reuse-grade water, membrane distillation on its concentrate, and a crystallizer closing the loop at 94.9% recovery.
Open process page →Seawater RO with its osmotic ceiling checked every solve, then thermal brine concentration to salt.
Open process page →The polisher that reaches ultrapure — and the limiting current that explains why plain electrodialysis cannot.
Open process page →Makeup treatment, dosing, consumers and tower, with the cycles of concentration limited by a mineral the model names.
Open process page →Dissolved organics oxidized in the liquid phase under pressure — no latent-heat penalty on the bulk water.
Open process page →Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide stripped out of refinery sour water before it reaches the effluent plant.
Open process page →Water plants are decided by ceilings rather than by duties, and each of these makes a different one explicit: osmotic pressure for RO, vapour pressure for membrane distillation, the limiting current density for electrodialysis, and mineral saturation for a cooling circuit. Every one of them binds before the pump, the heater or the rectifier runs out — which is exactly why assuming a recovery hides the number the project turns on.